Capital gains are subject to capital gains tax (25%), plus the solidarity surcharge and, if applicable, church tax. The saver's allowance applies.
Interest income (or coupons) are also taxed with capital gains tax (25%), plus the solidarity surcharge and, if applicable, church tax. The saver's allowance also applies here.
In the share loss pot, losses from the sale of shares cannot be offset against interest income or realized capital gains from the sale of bonds.
In the general loss pot, losses from the sale of bonds can be offset against other gains from capital investments (including gains from the sale of shares).
In the event that a maturing bond cannot be repaid (worthlessness of a bond), e.g. in the event of insolvency of the issuer (issuer of the bond), losses can only be offset via the personal tax return up to a maximum of EUR 20,000. Higher losses can be offset in subsequent years.
In addition to the above-mentioned national taxes, withholding tax may apply to foreign bonds in case of doubt. If the source country levies a national tax on interest from government or corporate bonds (so-called withholding tax), this is withheld directly so that the net amount is transferred to your clearing account after deduction of the withholding tax. The BZSt website provides an overview of the countries in which withholding tax is withheld on interest, for example Italy.
If a double taxation agreement (DTA) exists with the source country, the creditable withholding tax (respective DTA rate) is credited against the withholding tax (25%) to be withheld.